Fig. 8

Analytical electromodulation fitting. a–e Reflection mode electromodulation (EM) spectrum fitted with analytical model considering both modulation of absorption coefficient and refractive index. Devices (a) to (e) correspond to the same devices as in Fig. 3 (a) to (e), and the thickness refers to the thickness of the active layer used in optical simulation. f–j Transmission mode EM spectrum fitted with analytical model considering both modulation of absorption coefficient and refractive index. Devices (f) to (j) correspond to the same devices as in Fig. 3 (f) to (j), and the thickness refers to the thickness of the active layer used in optical simulation