Fig. 3
Prevalence of information-anticipatory activity in the cortico-basal ganglia network. a Uncertainty-related activity emerges preferentially during the Info CS in anticipation of informative cues. Each row is a neuron, and colors indicate time points with a significant Informative Cue Anticipation Index (red: more positive uncertainty signal for Info, top; blue: more negative uncertainty signal for Info, bottom; color bar indicates scale). b Information-anticipatory activity was significantly present in many uncertainty-related neurons in each area (ACC, icbDS, and Pal: n = 26/63, 13/24, and 26/67). *** indicates significantly more neurons than expected by chance, (p < 0.001, binomial test). c Information-anticipatory activity was prevalent in neurons anticipating uncertain outcomes. Shown are the population average uncertainty signals on Info CS (red) and Noinfo CS (blue) trials from the subset of neurons with a significant Uncertain Outcome Anticipation Index (blue, index measured only using Noinfo CS trials). The population has clear activity on Info CS trials in anticipation of viewing informative cues (red, text indicates p-value, rank-sum test). Error bars are ± 1 SE. Gray-shaded areas are the time windows for calculating the indexes of cue anticipation (pre-cue window) and outcome anticipation (post-cue, pre-outcome windows). d Correlated anticipation of the two reward-informative task events. Many neurons have significant Informative Cue Anticipation Indexes (red, y-axis, p < 0.05, permutation test), Uncertain Outcome Anticipation Indexes (blue, x-axis), or both (purple). The two indexes are highly correlated; text indicates rank correlation and its p-value. ACC, icbDS, and Pal neurons are indicated by triangles, squares, and circles. Black line is a linear fit with type 2 regression
