Fig. 2

Spatial comparison of estimated timing of megafauna extirpation and initial human arrival at a spatial resolution of 1 × 1°. a Areas of coexistence (brown grid cells) and non-coexistence (blue grid cells) between humans and megafauna. For each grid cell, we indicated whether the timing of human arrival preceded (i.e., coexistence = humans arrived before megafauna were extirpated) or followed (i.e., no coexistence = humans arrived after megafauna were extirpated) megafauna extirpation. We accounted for confidence intervals around estimated timings so that ‘coexistence’ indicates when the lower confidence limit of the timing of initial human arrival is older than the lower confidence interval limit of megafauna extirpation. We discuss the sensitivity of the size of these areas to the approach we used to take into account these confidence intervals in Supplementary Note 1. b Duration of the window of coexistence/non-coexistence between humans and megafauna. For each grid cell, we subtracted from the estimated timing of extirpation the timing of initial human arrival. Negative values (from light yellow to dark green) indicate how long humans coexisted with megafauna (i.e., the darker the green, the longer they coexisted), whereas positive values (from light yellow to dark red) indicate how long megafauna had been gone prior to the arrival of the first humans (i.e., the darker the red, the longer megafauna had been absent).