Fig. 1: The structure of the e-textile and the proposal of tribo-ferroelectric synergy model.

a The physical (one piece of the e-textile 105 × 35 cm) and structural diagram of an all-fiber contact-separation mode tribo-ferroelectric synergistic e-textile. b The P-E loop of P(VDF-TrFE) nanofiber ferroelectricity. U_s and U_r are the energy stored in (red area) and released from (green area) ferroelectricity during the change of applied electric field, P_m and P_r are the maximum and remnant polarization intensity, respectively. E_b is the highest electric field a dielectric can sustain. c The hysteresis loop of P(VDF-TrFE) nanofiber ferroelectricity under different applied electric fields. d Schematic diagram of tribo-ferroelectric synergistic model between ferroelectricity and internal electric field of triboelectric device. E₀, E_D, E_d, E_p, E_e are the electric field intensity between dielectric and conductive layer, inside the ferroelectric layer, inside the PA6 layer, generated by the other dipoles and acting on dipoles effectively, respectively. D and d are the thickness of ferroelectric layer and PA6, μ is dipole moment, θ is the angle between dipole moment and E_e. e Influence of the primary polarization direction of P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibers on performance of the e-textile. The error bars correspond to standard deviation caused by the measurement noise. f Effect of inner/outer ferroelectric layer thickness on performance of the e-textile. The e-textile tested in experiment were uniformly sized to 4 × 6 cm.