Fig. 4: Device implantation and biocompatibility. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Device implantation and biocompatibility.

From: Wireless, battery-free, fully implantable multimodal and multisite pacemakers for applications in small animal models

Fig. 4

a 3D segmentation of anatomical positioning of device (blue) with respect to the rat heart (red) (scale bar 1 cm). b Anatomical positioning of the device (blue) visualized in the transverse plane (scale bar 1 cm). c The device is sutured to the anterior epicardial surface of the left ventricle of the rat (scale bar 1 cm). d Animal subjects were postoperatively weighed for 3 (n = 3) and 6 weeks (n = 3). Error bars indicate mean ± SD. e The transmural anterior left ventricle was stained with Masson’s trichrome in adult rats. No significant differences in fibrosis were found between any time points (p < 0.05). Error bars indicate mean ± SD. f Representative images of the transmural anterior left ventricle without pacemaker implantations (n = 3) (scale bar 1 mm) and at (g) 3 weeks (n = 3) (scale bar 1 mm) and (h) 6 weeks after pacemaker implantation (n = 3) (scale bar 1 mm).

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