Fig. 2: Catalytic performance and kinetic analysis for Suzuki coupling reactions.

a, b Suzuki coupling reaction rates (blue bars) and TOFs (red bars) over Y3Pd2 and pure Pd metal catalysts. c, d Apparent Eas for the Suzuki coupling reaction over Y3Pd2 and pure Pd metal catalysts. Reaction conditions: Pd (40 mol% relative to organohalide); 0.5 mmol organohalide, 0.8 mmol phenylboronic acid, 1.5 mmol K2CO3, 5 ml solvent, iodides 30 °C, bromides 60 °C.