Fig. 4: Conditional Mendelian randomisation analyses of HF risk factors. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Conditional Mendelian randomisation analyses of HF risk factors.

From: Genome-wide association and Mendelian randomisation analysis provide insights into the pathogenesis of heart failure

Fig. 4

Forest plot of HF risk factors with significant causal effect HF risk estimated using Mendelian randomisation, implemented with GSMR. Diamonds represent the odds ratio and the error bars indicate the 95% confidence interval. The unadjusted estimates represent the risk of HF as estimated from the HF GWAS data, while the adjusted estimates represent risk of HF conditioned, using GWAS summary statistics for atrial fibrillation (adjusted for AF) or coronary artery disease (adjusted for CAD) estimated using the mtCOJO method. For binary traits (coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation and type 2 diabetes), the MR estimates represent average causal effect per natural-log odds increase in the trait risk. For continuous traits, the MR estimates represent average causal effect per standard deviation increase in the reported unit of the trait. LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; CAD, coronary artery disease; AF, atrial fibrillation.

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