Fig. 5: Battery performance.
a Efficiencies of VFBs equipped IP2-0.15 at different current density compared with VFBs equipped with Nafion 115. b Comparison of specific volume (S.V.) discharge capacity change with the cycle number at a current density of 80 mA cm−2. c Cycle performance of VFBs equipped with IP2-0.15 at a current density of 260 mA cm−2. d Efficiencies of VFBs equipped with IP2-0.15 and a high-performance porous PBI membrane reported in our previous work57. e Comparison of the highest current density with an energy efficiency of about 80% reported in recent five years and our work58,59,60,61,62,63.
