Fig. 3: Morphology of LCB after exposure to environmental assaults.

a–f Typical TEM images of uncoated EcN and LCB cultured in a SGF, b SIF, c antibiotics, d pH 11, e pH 2, and f 30% ethanol at 37 °C for 1, 2 and 3 h, respectively. Scale bar: 1 μm. A drop of bacterial solution was deposited onto a carbon-coated copper grid. The sample was further rinsed with double distilled H₂O twice and subsequently dried completely in air before observation.