Fig. 6: Generation mechanism of the EBWs.
From: Electron Bernstein waves driven by electron crescents near the electron diffusion region
a–c Electron distributions at times indicated by the vertical green lines in Fig. 5b. The black lines in each panel denote the \(\hat{{\bf{k}}}\) direction. The blue line in (a) denotes the E\(_{\max }\) direction. d–f 1D electron distribution profiles along \(\hat{{\bf{k}}}\) and \({-}\hat{{\bf{k}}}\) from (a) to (c), respectively. The yellow shading denotes the domain of electron trapping by the EBWs potential. g Electron model distribution for the observed distribution in (a). The 1D profile along V\(_{\perp }\) (green line) is presented in (d). h Dispersion relation of the unstable electron Bernstein mode. The red dots denote the maximum growth rates (fitted by the red-dashed line).
