Fig. 4: Wnt-PCP receptors are expressed by regenerating bile ducts.

a mRNA expression of VANGL2 in healthy liver tissue and tissue from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. b Immunofluorescence of VANGL2 (red) and PTK7 (green) in tissue from healthy liver and patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Dotted lines denote bile ducts. c mRNA expression of Vangl2 and Ptk7 normalised to Ppia in isolated bile ducts and whole liver from DDC-induced ductular regeneration. d mRNA expression of Vangl2 and Ptk7 in animals with TAA-induced biliary injury normalised to Ppia. e Upper panels: RNAScope of Vangl2 mRNA in DDC and TAA-induced bile duct regeneration (yellow arrows denote positivity and dotted lines denote bile ducts). Lower panels: immunohistochemistry for VANGL2 (green) and PTK7 (red) in healthy bile ducts, or bile ducts injured with either DDC or TAA. White arrows denote PTK7 single positive stromal cells. Yellow arrows denote biliary epithelial cells that express both VANGL2 and PTK7 in biliary epithelial cells. Scale bar = 50 µm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. In graphs where two groups are included, a Student’s t test is used. When comparing multiple groups, a one-way ANOVA with post hoc correction for multiple testing is used. Box–whisker plots represent min–max range of the data. In dot plots, data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. Each data point (N) represents an individual animal or patient.