Fig. 2: Modification of the prepared TESM and its impact on the Li anode.

a The conformational change of proteins and peptides from the β-sheet to α-helical structures induced by TFEA. b The ionic conductivities of ESM and TESM measured through impedance spectroscopy by assembling a cell of stainless steel/biomacromolecule matrix/stainless steel. c–f Comparison of SEM images of Li deposition on Cu electrodes in ether-based electrolytes with (c, d) and without (e, f) TESM. Scale bars, (c, e) 50 μm and (d, f) 20 μm. g The optimized structure showing the strong interactions between lithium ions and polar groups within TESM. h The residual lithium ions in ether-based electrolyte after soaking TESM.