Fig. 2: Disruption of emerging ORFs is generally inconsequential for fitness.
From: De novo emergence of adaptive membrane proteins from thymine-rich genomic sequences
a Disruption of emerging ORFs imposes lesser fitness costs than disruption of established ORFs. Empirical cumulative distribution function for emerging (blue) and established (black) ORFs; fitness of mutant strains in rich media (YPD) at 30 °C as estimated by ref. 26, averaged over multiple alleles per ORF when applicable. Vertical red line illustrates the fraction of ORFs for each group with fitness effects less than 0.9. Note that the x axis extends beyond 1. b ORF structures are more variable for emerging than established ORFs across 1011 S. cerevisiae isolates. Empirical cumulative distribution function for emerging (blue) and established (black) ORFs; ORF structure defined as intact in a pairwise alignment if the positions of the start codon and stop codons are maintained, the frame is maintained, and intermediate stop codons are absent. Vertical red line illustrates the fraction of ORFs for each group found intact in less than 90% of isolates. c Emerging ORFs display higher nucleotide diversity than established ORFs across S. cerevisiae isolates. Density distributions for emerging (blue) and established (black) ORFs; nucleotide diversity estimated over multiple alignments lacking unknown base calls exclusively. Vertical dashed lines represent group means.
