Fig. 2: Principal components analysis based on the Human Origins dataset.

a Projection of ancient individuals’ genotypes onto principal component axes defined by modern Western Eurasians and North Africans (gray labels, see panel (c) for legend for all abbreviations but ‘Can', for Canary Islands). b Zoom into the region most relevant for Sardinia. Each projected ancient individual is displayed as a transparent colored point in panel (a) and (b), with the color determined by the age of each sample (see panel (d) for legend). In panel (b), median PC1 and PC2 values for each population are represented by three-letter abbreviations, with black or gray font for moderns and a color-coded font based on the mean age for ancient populations. Ancient Sardinian individuals are plotted as circles with edges, color-coded by age, and with the first three letters of their sample ID (which typically indicates the archeological site). Modern individuals from the Sidore et al. sample of Sardinia are represented with gray circles and modern individuals from the reference panel with gray squares. See Fig. 5 for a zoomed in representation with detailed province labels for Sardinian individuals. The full set of labels and abbreviations are described in Supp. Data 1E, F. c Geographic legend of present-day individuals from the Human Origins and our Sardinian reference dataset. d Timeline of selected ancient groups. Note: The same geographic abbreviation can appear multiple times with different colors to represent groups with different median ages.