Fig. 2: Predicted values of annual quality-adjusted yields (i.e., biomass yield × forage quality).

Predicted annual quality-adjusted yields as a function of plant diversity and management intensity include metabolizable energy yield (MJ m⁻² a⁻¹) a, milk production potential yield (kg m⁻² a⁻¹) b, crude protein yield (g m⁻² a⁻¹) c, utilizable crude protein yield (g m⁻² a⁻¹⁾ d, organic matter yield (g m⁻² a⁻¹) e, and neutral detergent fiber yield (g m⁻² a⁻¹) f. *, **, *** denote significance at the 5%, 1%, and 0.1% level of the plant diversity effect per management intensity, respectively (corrected for multiple comparisons). The significance levels are based on a mixed effect model, see Eq. (4). The corresponding coefficients for the plant diversity effect per management intensity can be found in Supplementary Tables 3–5. Utilizable crude protein content was only measured for the first cut of the year. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.