Fig. 2: Galvanostatic lithium plating/stripping cycling and voltage profiles of the Li/Li22Sn5| Li/Li22Sn5 and Li|Li symmetric cells.

a–c Lithium stripping/plating cycling of symmetric cells at 5 mA cm−2 (a), 10 mA cm−2 (b) and 30 mA cm−2 (c) with areal capacity fixed at 5 mAh cm−2. The insets in (a–c) are the high-resolution voltage profiles of the Li/Li22Sn5|Li/Li22Sn5 symmetric cells at the specific cycle.