Table 5 Pooled relationship between stigma and prevalent HIV infection among female sex workers.

From: The role of sex work laws and stigmas in increasing HIV risks among sex workers

 

Living with HIV

Stigmas

OR

95% CI

P value

aOR**

95% CI

P value

Perceived

Family exclusion

1.68

1.46, 1.94

 <0.001

1.05

0.84, 1.31

0.686

Perceived

Family gossip

1.33

1.17, 1.50

 <0.001

0.95

0.78,1.16

0.637

Perceived

Friend rejection

1.88

1.64, 2.17

 <0.001

1.28

0.98, 1.67

0.068

Anticipated

Afraid of seeking health services

1.22

1.05, 1.41

0.008

0.97

0.72, 1.30

0.824

Anticipated

Avoided seeking health services

0.75

0.62, 0.91

0.003

0.79

0.48, 1.30

0.358

Perceived

Mistreated in health center

1.82

1.35, 2.43

 <0.001

1.09

0.44, 2.72

0.849

Enacted

Health care provider gossip

1.17

0.92, 1.49

0.197

0.95

0.49, 1.83

0.832

Enacted

Denied health services

1.48

0.97, 2.26

0.066

1.10

0.56, 2.17

0.792

Perceived

Police refused protection

2.14

1.87, 2.45

 <0.001

1.26

0.97, 1.64

0.141

Perceived

Scared in public places

0.96

0.83, 1.13

0.673

0.67

0.48, 0.94

0.024

Enacted

Verbally harassed

1.32

1.18, 1.47

 <0.001

1.29

1.12, 1.50

0.001

Enacted

Blackmailed

1.19

1.07, 1.33

0.002

1.39

1.20, 1.61

 <0.001

Enacted

Physical violence*

1.58

1.42, 1.76

 <0.001

1.23

1.02, 1.49

0.029

Enacted

Forced to have sex*

1.29

1.16, 1.44

 <0.001

1.32

1.13, 1.54

 <0.001

  1. Each stigma indicator assessed through a separate model due to collinearity between stigma items.
  2. *Not specified as attributable to sex work.
  3. **Adjusted for age, education level, marital status, years in sex work, country-level epidemic, and clustered by site and by country. Adjusted for disclosure of sex work to family of healthcare provider when conceptual relevant (social stigma; healthcare-related stigma).
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