Fig. 1: Posterior motion preference of RL neurons at higher TFs depends on retinal horizontal direction selectivity.

a Upper: ISOI in control and Frmd7^tm mice. Lower: Example vertical and horizontal retinotopic maps and the computed visual-field sign map. Scale bar, 1 mm. b Response strength as a function of motion direction (anterior [A], posterior [P], dorsal [D], and ventral [V]) and TF (five mice per genetic group). White and black asterisks: significantly decreased and increased responses, respectively, two-sided Mann–Whitney U-test. c Two-photon calcium imaging from L2/3 in areas RL and PM of control (1452 and 1098 DS cells, respectively; ten mice) and Frmd7^tm mice (1387 and 1217 DS cells, respectively; 11 mice). d Example control and Frmd7^tm RL and PM neurons expressing GCaMP6f (scale bar, 5 µm) and trial-averaged fluorescence (ΔF/F₀) time courses for the same neurons. Shading indicates SEM. e Tuning curves for neurons shown in d. Error bars are SEM; solid line is Gaussian fit. f Fraction of DS cells in RL and PM (two-sided χ² test with Yates correction). g Preferred TF for DS cells in RL (two-sided Mann–Whitney U-test) and PM (two-sided Mann–Whitney U-test). Triangles show medians. h Response amplitude as a function of motion direction and TF for RL and PM DS cells. White asterisks: significantly decreased response amplitude in Frmd7^tm mice, two-sided Mann–Whitney U-test. i Fractional distributions of preferred motion directions for RL and PM DS cells at 0.3 and 1.2 Hz; fractions are normalized to the largest fraction across genetic groups. j Distributions of preferred direction at 0.3 and 1.2 Hz in RL and PM (two-sided Kolmogorov–Smirnov test). **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, n.s., not significant, in f, g, and j. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.