Fig. 2: The intermediate formation in dry air and in ambient atmosphere. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: The intermediate formation in dry air and in ambient atmosphere.

From: A prenucleation strategy for ambient fabrication of perovskite solar cells with high device performance uniformity

Fig. 2

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the MA2Pb3I8·2DMSO intermediate in a glove box and b ambient atmosphere without the antisolvent dripping step (spinning at 6000 r.p.m. for 2 min and annealing at 98 °C for 1 min). The rods in the sample fabricated in ambient atmosphere have a lower density but a larger size than that fabricated in glove box. c The simulated crystal size as a function of the supersaturation degree, with different growth factors. In general, the crystal size decreases as the growth factor decreases or as the supersaturation degree increases. A larger growth factor means that the growth rate increases more than the nucleation rate, when the crystallization condition is changing.

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