Fig. 3: The comparison between conventional and prenucleation methods. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: The comparison between conventional and prenucleation methods.

From: A prenucleation strategy for ambient fabrication of perovskite solar cells with high device performance uniformity

Fig. 3

The intermediate and perovskite films were synthesized by the spin coating and antisolvent dripping process in ambient atmosphere at 40% RH. The SEM images of a the intermediate films without annealing and b perovskite films after annealing at 98 °C for 7 min synthesized using the conventional method; the perovskite film is rough and full of pin holes. The SEM images of c the intermediate/perovskite films after aging, without annealing and d perovskite films after annealing at 98 °C for 7 min synthesized using the prenucleation method; both of the films are compact and smooth. e The XRD patterns of the conventional method synthesized intermediate (black curve) and perovskite films (red curve). f The XRD patterns of prenucleation method synthesized fresh intermediate (black curve), aged intermediate (red curve) and perovskite films (blue curve). g Schematic illustrating the difference between the conventional method and prenucleation methods, the latter being an exquisite programmed spinning and antisolvent dripping process.

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