Fig. 6: Muscle strength restored in CIM mice by combined exercise and AICAR treatment.

a Protocol for 2-week therapeutic intervention with exercise and AICAR treatment in control and CIM mice. b Results of the exhaustion treadmill test and hind limb grip strength test are shown as intra- (left panel) and inter-group (right panel) comparisons (n = 3 per group). c–f Changes in muscle cross-sectional area and number of regenerating muscle fibers in normal and CIM mice following exercise and/or AICAR treatment. c Representative images of H&E- and laminin-immunostained triceps surae (yellow) and nuclei (blue). Arrows indicate the central nuclei of regenerating muscle fibers. d The distribution of cross-sectional triceps surae fiber areas, with the mean area indicated by the dotted line. e, f Quantitative data of muscle cross-section area and the number of regenerating muscle fibers (n = 3 for control, n = 4 for exercise and CIM). Data are shown as a dot plot for each specimen, and as means as well as medians with IQRs and 1.5 times the IQR by dot plots and box and whisker plots. P values were determined by the paired t test or one-way ANOVA adjusted by the Holm method (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.001).