Fig. 2: Reduction of the insulin signalling pathway increases lifespan, improves stiffness and reduces cuticle senescence with age. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: Reduction of the insulin signalling pathway increases lifespan, improves stiffness and reduces cuticle senescence with age.

From: Mechanical properties measured by atomic force microscopy define health biomarkers in ageing C. elegans

Fig. 2

a Lifespan curve of wild-type (WT) (blue), or daf-2 (red), daf-16 (green), daf-16;daf-2 (purple) mutant C. elegans. (n = 89, 64, 105 and 79, respectively; log rank test p < 0.001 vs WT). b Longitudinal study of mechanical properties as Young’s Modulus (YM; kPa) comparing WT (blue) and daf-2 mutant (red) C. elegans until mean lifespan (D18 for WT; D44/46 for daf-2). Error bars indicate 95% CI, dotted line marks mean YM at day 1 for WT (blue) and daf-2 (red). Two-tailed unpaired t test for statistical comparison of WT to daf-2 at chronological age day 1, 12 or at mean lifespan. c Mechanical properties as YM (kPa) of WT (blue), daf-2 (red), daf-16 (green) and daf-16;daf-2 (purple) mutant C. elegans at chronological age of 11 days. Error bars indicate 95% CI. Two-way ANOVA Tukey’s multiple comparison test for statistical comparison and interaction of terms (green). d Lifespan curve of WT (blue), glp-1 (red), daf-16 (green) and daf-16;glp-1 (purple) mutant C. elegans. (n = 55, 76, 69 and 88, respectively; log rank test p < 0.001 vs WT) and e mechanical properties as YM (kPa) at chronological age of 10 days. Two-way ANOVA Tukey’s multiple comparison test for statistical comparison and interaction of terms (green). f Mechanical properties as YM (kPa) of WT (blue), or glp-1 (red) mutant C. elegans at mean lifespan. Two-tailed unpaired t test was used for statistical comparison. g Representative AFM cuticle topography images of WT, daf-2 or glp-1 mutant at mean lifespan and h roughness quantification of topographical images presented as RMS roughness Rq ± standard deviation. Two-tailed unpaired t test for statistical comparison of WT with mutants. n represented above the graph, show number of biologically independent worm samples. For lifespan measurements, n represents the number of worms scored as dead. For a summary of YM values and additional statistics for independent trials see Supplementary Data 1 and for a summary of worm lifespan trials and statistical comparison between genotypes see Supplementary Data 2. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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