Fig. 6: Individual-based simulations of the reintroduction history of Alpine ibex.

a The demographic model was parametrized using census data and historical records. Bold numbers show effective population sizes. Numbers not in bold indicate the number of individuals released to found each population. If a population was established from two source populations, the individual numbers are separated by commas. * Upwards adjusted harmonic means of the census size (historical records were ih = 16, Zoo Interlaken Harder, and pp = 20, Wildpark Peter and Paul). The adjustment was necessary to prevent extinction of zoo populations. ** Census numbers were estimated based on historical records of the population but no long-term census data were available. b Relative frequency comparison (Rxy) of Alpine ibex just before and after the species bottleneck and recolonization. c Individual homozygote counts per impact category. Boxplots summarize 100 population means across simulation replicates. Colors associate founder and descendant populations (see also Fig. 3a). d Rxy analysis contrasting the strongly bottlenecked Alpi Marittime population with all other Alpine ibex populations across the spectrum of impact categories. Box plot elements are defined as in Fig. 1. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.