Fig. 1: Schematic of the pairwise perturbative ansatz.
From: Bootstrapping quantum process tomography via a perturbative ansatz

a Pairwise perturbative ansatz (PAPA) tomography: for all qubit pairs, characterize the effective two-qubit process (Choi state \({\sigma }_{{\mathcal{S}}}\)) when the unknown N-qubit process \({\mathcal{E}}\) occurs, and all other qubits start in the maximally mixed state. b Three-qubit PAPA+GST: characterized two-qubit gate sets are bootstrapped to a three-qubit gate set via PAPA.