Fig. 4: Effect of various MALCs and related compounds on mitochondria in Z. tritici.
From: A lipophilic cation protects crops against fungal pathogens by multiple modes of action
a Structure of MALCs and related compounds. Ionic charges are indicated by “+” and “−”. The counter ions for all lipophilic cations are: (1) acetate (C12-G+), (2) bromide (C12-NMe3+, C12-NEt2+, C6-NMe3+, C18-NMe3+), (3) iodide (C12-SMe2+, C6-SMe2+, C18-SMe2+, (SMe2+)2-C12). b Effect of MALCs and related compounds on mitochondrial fragmentation in Z. tritici at 2.5 µg ml−1. See also Supplementary Figs. 4a, 5. c Effect of various C18-NMe3+ and C18-SMe2+ on mitochondrial ultrastructure of mitochondria. Note swollen cristae. Scale bar = 0.2 µm. d Effect of various compounds on mitochondrial inner membrane potential, monitored using TMRM, in Z. tritici at a concentration of 0.25 µg ml−1. e Bar chart showing the relative amount of ATP in cell extracts, pre-treated for 2 h with C18-SMe2+ and C18-NMe3+. The ATP concentration in cell extracts from solvent-only treated cells was set to 100%. ATP concentration was measured using a luciferase-based assay. f NADH oxidation measured in isolated mitochondria in the presence of C18-SMe2+ and C18-NMe3+. g Number of DiBAC4(3)-positive cells (=depolarized cells), treated with solvent (Control), C18-SMe2+, C18-NMe3+ and C12-G+. Only cells that were negative for live/dead staining were included in the analysis. h Quantitative live/dead staining of cells after treatment with C12-G+, C18-SMe2+, and C18-NMe3+. Values (b, d–h) are shown as mean ± SEM. Red dots represent data points. Sample size n is indicated in each panel. Student’s t-testing with Welch correction in (b, d–h) and one-way ANOVA (g); n.s. non-significant difference to control (P > 0.05; b, d, g); *P = 0.0127 (b, C12-G+), 0.0236 (b, C12-NEt3+), 0.0391 (b, C12-SMe2+), 0.0226 (d), 0.0428 (f, C18-SMe2+), 0.0281 (f, C18-NMe3+); **P = 0.0024 (b), 0.0061 (d, C18-NMe3+), 0.0031 (d, C18-SMe2+), 0.0037 (e, C18-SMe2+), 0.0055 (e, C18-NMe3+), and 0.0048 (h); ***P < 0.0001 (b, h). All P-values are two-tailed. See Supplementary Table 7 for experimental conditions. All source data are provided as a Source Data file.
