Table 1 Anti-fungal activity and toxicity of MALCs.
From: A lipophilic cation protects crops against fungal pathogens by multiple modes of action
 | C12-G+ | C18-NMe3+ | C18-SMe2+ |
---|---|---|---|
Effects in Z. tritici | |||
   Depolarisation of the plasma membranea | 2.15 | 3.38 | 2.98 |
   Fragmentation of mitochondriab | 4.12 | 1.12 | 1.25 |
   Depolarisation of mitochondriab | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.20 |
   Inhibition of ATP synthesisc | 19.84 | 54.23 | 58.66 |
   Cell mortalityd | 32.29 | 89.27 | 66.47 |
Effect on human cells | |||
   Fragmentation of mitochondriab | 26.13 | 35.58 | 35.26 |
   Inhibition of respirationb | 12.97 | 9.89 | 9.90 |
   Cytotoxicity (MTT assay, C109)b | 2.32 | 4.13 | 3.53 |
   Cytotoxicity (MTT assay, HepG2)b | 0.99 | 2.42 | 3.67 |
   Relative mitochondrial toxicitye | 54.21 | 88.71 | 47.86 |
Toxicity in zooplankton | |||
   Daphnia magna survivalf,b | 0.31 | 1.61 | 2.42 |
   Relative toxicityg | 10.01 | 143.73 | 160.86 |
Phytotoxicityh | |||
   Leaf symptoms in wheat | >1000 | >1000 | >1000 |
   Leaf symptoms in rice | >1000 | >1000 | >1000 |
Anti-fungal protection | |||
   Protection against Septoria leaf blotchi | 5 | 1.57 | 0.22 |
   Protection against rice blast diseasej | 17.19 | 12.45 | 2.67 |
   Inhibition of M. oryzae germinationb | 0.83 | 0.77 | 0.76 |
   Induction of plant defencek | 5.46 | 0.80 | 14.83 |