Fig. 4: Trends in forestation, trade in deforestation-implicated products, and post-2000 malaria footprints.

Panels (a), (b) and (c) each show a collection of net exporting (magenta) and net importing (green) countries. Axes are logarithmic, with negative values representing deforestation (for example −1 equals a cumulative 10,000 km² forest loss since 1995) and product import (for example −2 equals a US$100 bn import). Plotted points represent the years between 2000 and 2015 in 3-year intervals where line thickness is proportional to net malaria risk trade, and net exporters represented by a solid line, net importers by a dashed line. The time series proceeds from the origin outwards and also with increasing line thickness. As time progresses, richer countries import more deforestation-implicated products which causes deforestation in poorer countries, while at the same time preserving more of their own forest.