Fig. 5: Proposed mechanism for heterogeneous Wacker oxidation over Pd-Cu/Y.
From: Elucidating the mechanism of heterogeneous Wacker oxidation over Pd-Cu/zeolite Y by transient XAS

The catalytic cycle depicts the results obtained from this study. Reoxidation of palladium (Step 2) is represented by the dotted arrow. The activation of oxygen on copper (boxed) is depicted at high (solid arrow, Step 3a) and low (dashed arrow, Step 3b) oxygen partial pressures. The catalyst deactivation is shown in red.