Fig. 4: Multidiversity-profit and multifunctionality-profit relationships are generally negative, regardless of thresholds used to define multidiversity or multifunctionality.
From: Trade-offs between multifunctionality and profit in tropical smallholder landscapes
Changes in a multidiversity (whole-system biodiversity of all species in 14 taxonomic groups) and b multifunctionality (whole-system ecosystem functioning based on 36 indicators of 10 functions) per profit increase of 100 USD ha−1 year−1 in smallholder farms. All indices range between 0 and 1, whereby 1 is the highest-possible level of multidiversity or multifunctionality. Note that relationships are usually negative, regardless of the threshold that taxonomic groups or ecosystem functions need to reach to contribute to multidiversity or multifunctionality (red lines are predicted slopes; shaded areas indicate 95% confidence bands). In addition, shown are examples of c multidiversity-profit and d multifunctionality-profit relationships for thresholds of 20%, 50%, and 90%, respectively (points are raw data; fitted lines and shaded areas are predictions from linear models and 95% confidence bands, respectively; P < 0.05 in all cases, tested with simple linear regression). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
