Fig. 1: Variability filtering and lineage assignment.
From: Differential DNA methylation of vocal and facial anatomy genes in modern humans
a Methylation levels across AMH, Denisovan, Neanderthal, and chimpanzee samples in DMR#278 (chr4:38,014,896–38,016,197). This is an example of a lineage-specific DMR, defined as a locus in which all samples of a group are found outside the range of methylation in the other groups. Chimpanzee samples were used during the following step of lineage assignment. b A putative limb-specific DMR (chr3:14,339,371–14,339,823) which was removed from the analysis, as it does not comply with our definition of lineage-specific DMRs. Femur, toe, and finger samples are hypermethylated compared to other skeletal elements. Toe and finger are found at the bottom range of limb samples, suggesting some variation in this locus within limb samples too. c A putative sex-specific DMR (chr3:72,394,336–72,396,901) which was removed from the analysis. Males are hypermethylated compared to females. d Lineage assignment using chimpanzee samples. Only DMRs that passed the previous variability filtering steps were analyzed. Each bar at the tree leaves represents a locus in a sample. Methylation levels of the locus in each sample are marked with red (methylated) and green (unmethylated). The lineage where the methylation change has likely occurred (by parsimony) is marked by a star. Branch lengths are not scaled.
