Fig. 2: Electrochemical activity.

a Cycling curve of α-Li2IrO3 as Li-ion battery electrode in organic solvent compared to b the Pourbaix diagram for water oxidation and reduction redox potentials as a function of pH. c CV curves of the layered α-Li2IrO3 phase compared to the 3D β-Li2IrO3 polymorph in 0.1 M KOH and NaOH aqueous solutions and d comparison of the corresponding Tafel plots. e Links between non-aqueous media (battery system) and aqueous media (water system) when using α-Li2IrO3 and β-Li2IrO3 as cathode materials in Li-ion battery and catalysts in aqueous for water splitting. The OER process in aqueous system may involve the intercalation and deintercalation of alkaline cations (such as Li+, Na+, and K+) in/out of the layered structure, which may be strongly affected by the desolvation energy of water molecules from solvated alkaline cations.