Fig. 4: Plant kingdom sampling to identify other types of chemically tractable pollen.

a Evolutionary cladogram of plant pollen sources including lycophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms with corresponding DIPA images as a function of pH response. b Top: Photographs of pollen dispersion in upright and reversed vials, showing the response of pollen gels to gravity. Bottom: Cross-sectional CLSM images of treated particles in cases where particles interact to form a microgel and where particles remain as discrete, individual entities.