Fig. 6: Optogenetic patterning of GP neurons at β-frequency replicates the core functional properties of parkinsonian β-oscillations.

a Schematic of the experiments (top) and laser stimulation protocol used (bottom) to reintroduce abnormal β-oscillations in control rats. b Sagittal epifluorescence image of a representative eArch3-EYFP expression in GP (right) and target structures in STN (top left) and SNr (bottom left). Scale bars represent 400 µm. c Mean normalized power spectrum of mCx ECoG during OFF and ON laser stimulations. d, e Mean phase histograms of STN (top), arkypallidal (middle), and prototypic (bottom) neurons during parkinsonian β-oscillations recorded in PD rats (d) or during synthetic β-oscillations generated via GP neurons opto-patterning using eArch3 in control rats (e). f Comparison of the firing rate changes induced by synthetic β as compared with parkinsonian β in STN, arkypallidal, and prototypic neurons. g Scatter plots and linear regression of the MI versus frequency OFF calculated for all STN neurons recorded in control animals (open circle) or parkinsonian rats (black circle). Group data represents mean ± SEM, box-and-whisker plots indicate median, first and third quartile, min and max values. See also Supplementary Table 6 for statistical information.