Fig. 5: Ecological indices and thresholds under waterway exploitation.

Relationship between: a Exploitation ratio (ER, %) and fragmentation index (FI). b ER and wetland dis-connectivity index (WDI). c ER and fraction of impervious surfaces (FIS, %). d ER and flow disruption index (FDI). e ER and proportion of non-native fish (PNF, %). f ER and fish richness index (FRI). The arrows indicate critical values of the metrics as ER approaches 80% presented by typical waterways. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.