Fig. 4: Temporal expression of subgraph 4 was related to task factors and individual differences.

a Summary of the pattern of connectivity in subgraph 4. We summarized the pattern of connectivity as within-system strength (which is the value in the diagonal) and between-system strength (which is the average of values in the off-diagonal) for each system. The fronto-parietal system as well as three other systems (memory retrieval, salience, and dorsal attention) showed the strongest contributions to this subgraph in terms of both within-system and between-system strength. The 95% confidence interval of each system was estimated by boostrapping 10,000 times on the edges of that system. b Nodes for the top four systems with strong within-system and between-system strength. We showed the nodes of fronto-parietal system, memory retrieval system, salience system and dorsal attention system on the brain by the BrainNet Viewer⁴² under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). c Modulation of temporal expression of subgraph 4 by task factors. A regression model that included CPP, RU, reward, and residual updating as predictors of temporal relative expression (calculated by subtracting negative expression from positive expression) of subgraph 4 was fitted for each participant, and coefficients were tested on the group level by t tests. The results showed positive effects of CPP, RU, and residual updating. Each point represents one participant. Error bars represent one SEM. (*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001) d The relationship between individual normative learning and the dynamic modulation of subgraph 4 expression by normative factors. This dynamic modulation was indexed as the sum of the coefficients of CPP and RU in (c), and represents the extent to which trial-by-trial expression was influenced by the two normative learning factors. There was a significant positive correlation across participants. Each point represents one participant. The red line represents the regression line and the shaded area represents the 95% confidence interval. e The relationship between individual normative learning and average relative expression of subgraph 4. There was a significant positive correlation across participants. Each point represents one participant. The red line represents the regression line and the shaded area represents the 95% confidence interval. Source data of c–e are provided as a Source Data file.