Fig. 8: Determining bacterial viability on nanopillar surfaces.

Luminescence signals and CFU of S. aureus a, E. coli b and K. pneumoniae c incubated on control or nanopillar TiO2 surfaces for up to 10 h, as determined by real-time or endpoint assays, respectively. Values are given as mean ± standard deviation and individual data points for each mean are shown. *** indicates P ≤ 0.001 relative to control, as determined by one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc test. BacTiter-Glo experiments n = 3; RealTime-Glo experiments n = 6 (S. aureus), n = 3 (E. coli) and n = 4 (K. pneumoniae). Total surface CFU were determined from disc areas of 0.64 cm2. Exact P-values are indicated for each significant time point.