Fig. 2: Methylglyoxal perturbs NPC by suppressing Notch signalling.

a, b E13.5 cortices were co-electroporated with CBFRE-EGFP and DsRed2, and control or Glo1 (shGlo1) shRNAs and analyzed two days later. a Images of sections immunostained for EGFP (green) and DsRed2 (red). Arrows denote double-labelled cells, and arrowheads denote cells with reduced Notch signalling. b Quantification of sections as in a for EGFP+, DsRed2+ cells. n = 4 and 5 embryos each. c qRT-PCR analysis of FACS sorted EGFP+ cells from cortices co-electroporated with EGFP and control or Glo1 shRNAs. n = 3 experiments. d qRT-PCR analysis of low passage hNPCs treated with BBGD or DMSO for 48 h. n = 3 experiments. e, f E13.5 cortices were co-electroporated with CBFRE-EGFP and DsRed2 plus empty vector control or a plasmid expressing Glo1 (Glo1) and analyzed two days later. Images (e) and quantification (f) of EGFP (green) and DsRed2 (red) double-positive cells. n = 3 and 5 embryos each. g–j A low dose of plasmids (0.5 µg µl⁻¹) expressing NICD was co-electroporated with Glo1 shRNA and EGFP into E13.5 cortices. Cortical sections were analyzed three days later. g Images of sections immunostained for EGFP (green). Dotted white lines denote the ventricular surface and boundaries between VZ/SVZ, IZ, and CP. h Quantification of the relative localization of EGFP + cells. n = 4 embryos each. i Images of the VZ or CP of electroporated sections that were immunostained for EGFP (green) and Pax6 (red, left panels) or Satb2 (red, right panels). Arrows denote double-labelled cells. j Quantification of the proportion of EGFP+ cells that were also positive for Pax6 or Satb2. n = 4 embryos each. LV lateral ventricle, VZ ventricular zone, SVZ subventricular zone, IZ intermediate zone, CP cortical plate. Scale bars, 25 µm in a, e and g; 10 µm in i. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM and analyzed using two-tailed, unpaired students t-test with Bonferroni correction. **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, ns = p > 0.05. Source data and p-values are provided as a “Source Data file”.