Fig. 5: Mendelian Randomisation analysis between neuroimaging phenotypes and depression.

The left panel shows the model and results for Mendelian Randomisation results for the causal effect of depression to neuroimaging phenotypes, and the right panel shows the model and results for effect of neuroimaging phenotypes to depression. For the model illustrations, G = genetic instruments extracted from GWAS summary statistics of the exposure, E = exposure variable, O = outcome variable, U = unmeasured confounders (have no systematic association with G). In the scatter plots, x axes represent −log10-transformed p values for the Mendelian Randomisation results, and the y axes represent the neuroimaging traits tested in the models. Three types of dots represent the three Mendelian Randomisation methods used. Dashed grey lines are the p = 0.05 threshold for nominal significance. MD mean diffusivity, ICVF intra-cellular volume fraction, TR thalamic radiations, SLF superior longitudinal fasciculus, Amplitude.N14 (SN) fluctuation amplitude in Node 14 (i.e. the Salience Network).