Fig. 1: DBS mediates in vivo inhibition M1 pyramidal cells in rats.

a In vivo experimental set-up in anesthetized adult rats. b TH immunostaining and representative raster plots (15 s) of M1 neurons activity recorded in sham rats and in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats with or without DBS. Spontaneous activity of cortical neurons (mean ± SEM and individual neurons are represented) was higher in 6-OHDA-lesioned (n = 41 neurons) compared to sham (n = 36) rats (p = 0.0014, t-test); DBS decreased the hyperactivity observed in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats (Off vs DBS: p = 0.0311, DBS vs Post: p = 0.0811, paired t-test, n = 20 neurons). c Heatmap of individual cortical neurons normalized firing rate (top), and averaged time course (bottom), before, during and after DBS (10s bins) in 6-OHDA-lesioned rat: bars correspond to the median of all neurons (mean ± 2×SD of the baseline is indicated) and separate time courses (mean ± SEM) for activated and inhibited neurons are superimposed. Under DBS, 65% of the pyramidal cells were inhibited while 35% were activated (n = 20). All statistical tests are two-tailed. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.005.