Fig. 2: Active pillars exhibited profound antifouling effects against UPEC biofilms.
From: Magnetically driven active topography for long-term biofilm control
Representative fluorescence images of biofilms on flat controls, static controls, and PDMS surfaces with active topographies. The pillars were 10 µm tall with a diameter of 2 µm and inter-pillar distance of 2 µm. Active surface topographies were operated in three modes for biofilm prevention and removal, including continuous beating for biofilm prevention, on-demand removal of mature biofilms (only actuated for 3 min after 48 h of biofilm growth), and a sequential combination of these two treatments. Biofilm cells were labeled with STYO®9. The biomass was quantified using COMSTAT59. The samples in the bar graph are indicated with the pattern labels above the corresponding fluorescence images. Each condition was tested with at least three biological replicates (error bar = standard deviation; n = 3–5; ***p < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA adjusted by Tukey test), and five random images were taken from each sample. Source data of Fig. 2 are provided in the Source data file.
