Fig. 3: Sodium butyrate diminished antitumor efficacy of CTLA-4 blockade in mice.

a Experimental setting. b Tumor growth of CT26 in Balb/c mice. White circles anti-CTLA-4 (aCTLA-4; clone 9D9) + water (n = 19); Black circles isotype control (IgG2b; clone MPC-11) + water (n = 19); white squares anti-CTLA-4 (aCTLA-4) + sodium butyrate in drinking water (n = 20); black squares isotype control + sodium butyrate in drinking water (n = 20); **p = 0.0029 and ****p < 0.0001. c % of survival in each group at each day of the experiment. d As in (b), but median tumor size (mm² +/− SEM) at Day 20 in each group. e As in (b) but, CT26 tumor size over time after tumor inoculation in each group. Each line represents one mouse. Complete responses (CR) are indicated on each graph. f Tumor growth of MC38 in C57/Bl6 mice (n = 10 per group); **p = 0.0098 and ***p = .0002. g As in (f) but median tumor size (mm² +/− SEM) at Day 16 in each group. h Tumor growth of MCA101_OVA in C57/Bl6 mice (n = 9 (Isotype + water and aCTLA-4+water) or 10 (Butyrate + water and aCTLA-4+butyrate) per group); ***p = 0.0001. Each dot represents one mouse; a pool of two independent experiments is shown (b, c, d and e); one representative experiment out of two experiments is shown (f and h). Two-way ANOVA was used (b, f, g and h); Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test was used for comparison of two-to-two survival curves (c). Only aCTLA-4 +water and Isotype + water p-values are shown on the graphs (b, f and h). Mann Whitney (two-tailed) test was used (d, g). Exact p-values are indicated on each graph; ns, not significant.