Fig. 2: Gut microbiota composition differences are evident within subgroups.

a Alpha diversity measures are shown for the three sex/sexual practice subgroups (n = 36 females, n = 72 MSM; men who have sex with men, n = 34 MSW; men who have sex with women), split by PWH and seronegative controls. Paired two-tailed t-tests were used to test significance of differences between groups (P = 0.022, P = 0.048, P = 0.064, P = 0.061, P = 0.080, P = 0.022, P = 0.056, respectively, for those denoted with bar). Boxes denote inter-quartile range, bar denotes median, and whiskers denote range. b PCoA plot based on Canberra beta diversity metric with centroids depicted as diamonds for PWH and seronegative controls. Community differences were verified by PERMANOVA (Female P = 0.04998; MSM P = 0.005; MSW P = 0.018). c Tile plot showing mean fold change of ASVs among all PWH vs. seronegative participants, with representations of log mean fold change depicted per subgroup for significant ASVs. ASVs with Wilcoxon signed-rank significance P < 0.0125 in the comparison of PWH vs. seronegative among all paired participants together (including all three subgroups) are shown. White squares denote ASV being present in fewer than 20% of samples within the given subgroup. ^†P < 0.10, *P < 0.05.