Fig. 2: Lung fibrotic condition converts macrophages into an immunosuppressive phenotype.

a Main cluster frequencies of CD45⁺ leukocytes (T cells, macrophages, B cells, NK cells, dendritic cells and other inflammatory cells such as neutrophils/eosinophils/plasma cells) contained in the lungs of pulmonary fibrosis patients and normal controls were quantified by mass cytometry. Data are expressed as mean ± SD of 11 fibrotic and 3 normal lung samples. b Computational analysis of mass cytometry data of leukocytes derived from fibrotic lungs with a single-cell, force-directed algorithm demonstrated that the different inflammatory subsets segregated as indicated on the map: CD4⁺ T cells (blue), CD8⁺ T cells (purple), macrophages (green), B cells (orange), NK cells (yellow) and the dendritic cell subset (white). c Principal component analysis (PCA) of manually gated macrophages (CD45⁺ CD68⁺ nonB nonT, nonNK live cells) indicating that macrophages derived from the pulmonary fibrosis lung (PF) clusters are distinct from those in normal lungs (NC). d A refined viSNE analysis of mass cytometry data demonstrating that macrophages derived from normal lungs (orange) have a distinct profile from fibrotic lungs (blue: black dotted circle). e ViSNE analysis of macrophages isolated from normal lungs and fibrotic lungs demonstrating decreased activation of HLA-DR, CD169 and CD206 expression in fibrotic lungs relative to controls. Each point represents a single cell, and the samples are color coded as indicated: blue colors represent low expression and yellow to red represent high protein expression. f The corresponding ratio of interstitial macrophages (HLA-DR⁺CD206⁺CD169⁻, IM) versus alveolar macrophages (HLA-DR⁺⁺CD206⁺⁺CD169⁺, AM) is displayed with mean ± SD of 11 fibrotic and 3 normal lung samples and analyzed by two-tailed unpaired t-test, **P < 0.01. g Representative images of immune fluorescent stains highlighted increased PD-1 expression in macrophages from fibrotic lung tissues (scale bars, 100 μm). See Supplementary Data 2 for statistical details. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.