Fig. 1: Established and predicted richness of 894 alien animals in 199,957 global terrestrial Protected Areas.

Richness was calculated as the total number of species across 11 taxa (Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia, Arachnida, Branchiopoda, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Malacostraca, Gastropoda and Insecta) established in each protected area. The predicted richness of alien species was determined using species distribution models (SDMs) based on an ensemble of five widely used powerful algorithms. SDMs fit correlative models to alien animal distributions and environmental niches from native and invaded ranges, and then identify the most suitable habitats in PAs.