Table 3 Bi-directional instrumental estimates between migraine and blood pressure using GSMR.

From: A genome-wide cross-phenotype meta-analysis of the association of blood pressure with migraine

Exposure

Outcome

Covariates

Direction

Instrumental estimatesa

se

P-Bonferroni

DBP

Any migraine

—

Forward

0.18

0.02

5.01 × 10−24

Reverse

−0.11

0.07

0.45

MA

—

Forward

0.12

0.05

0.18

Reverseb

   

MO

—

Forward

0.29

0.05

1.24 × 10−09

Reverseb

   

SBP

Any migraine

—

Forward

0.05

0.01

2.34 × 10−06

Reverse

−0.97

0.15

1.01 × 10−10

MA

—

Forward

0.04

0.03

1.00

Reverseb

   

MO

—

Forward

0.06

0.03

0.36

Reverseb

   

PP

Any migraine

—

Forward

−0.09

0.02

3.29 × 10−06

Reverse

−0.79

0.10

3.21 × 10−15

MA

—

Forward

−0.06

0.05

1.00

Reverseb

   

MO

—

Forward

−0.15

0.05

5.80 × 10−03

Reverseb

   

Conditional GSMRc

 DBP

Any migraine

SBP

Forward

0.32

0.03

4.16 × 10−37

 SBP

Any migraine

DBP

Forward

−0.15

0.02

2.08 × 10−22

  1. GSMR Generalized summary-data-based Mendelian randomization, se standard error, DBP diastolic blood pressure, SBP systolic blood pressure, PP pulse pressure, MA migraine with aura, MO migraine without aura.
  2. P-values are based on two-sided Wald test and used Bonferroni correction.
  3. aThe instrumental estimate is corresponding to 10 mmHg increment of blood pressure for the forward direction.
  4. bToo few instruments to conduct reverse GSMR for migraine with aura and without aura (number of genome-wide significant index SNPs <10).
  5. cConditional GSMR was performed by conditioning the exposure on the corresponding covariates (using mtCOJO, https://cnsgenomics.com/software/gcta/#mtCOJO and then using the conditioned summary statistics to infer the instrumental estimates from the exposure to the outcome.
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