Fig. 9: Astrocytic IP₃-mediated Ca²⁺ signaling during sleep spindles.

a Mean ECoG power of delta (0.5–4 Hz) frequency during NREM sleep, theta (5–9 Hz) frequency during REM sleep, and sigma (10–16 Hz) frequency during IS sleep, normalized to 0.5–30 Hz total power. For WT mice: n = 4 mice, 785 NREM episodes, 668 IS episodes, 102 REM episodes; for Itpr2^−/− mice: n = 3 mice, 957 NREM episodes, 648 IS episodes, 74 REM episodes. b Representative example of a sleep spindle in ECoG trace and power spectrogram. c Mean number of spindles per minute during IS sleep. For WT mice: n = 3 mice, 516 IS episodes; for Itpr2^−/− mice: n = 3 mice, 560 IS episodes. d Mean ± SEM (top to bottom) astrocytic Ca²⁺ signals, whisker movement z-score and ECoG power spectrograms aligned to the beginning of a sleep spindle. For WT mice: n = 6 mice, 243 sleep spindles; for Itpr2^−/− mice: n = 6 mice, 93 sleep spindles. Data represented as estimates ± SE and p-values (two-sided test, no adjustment for multiple comparisons) derived from linear regression models unless otherwise stated. For details on statistical analyses, see “Methods”.