Fig. 2: Theoretical design of a DMD electrode.

a Design parameters and reflection waves at various interfaces of a DMD transparent electrode. b Phasor diagram of reflection waves. c An ideal DMD and its parameters. d The calculated values of the left and right terms in Eq. (9) when using 24 nm TiO₂ and 9 nm Ag as Dielectric 2 and the metallic layer, respectively, in the DMD structure, showing that Eq. (9) is well satisfied across the entire visible range. e Optimal averaged transmittance of the DMD electrode across the visible range (400–700 nm) dependent on the thickness of Dielectric 2. Here, TiO₂ and 9 nm Ag are used as the bottom dielectric layer and the middle metallic layer, respectively. Each optimal transmittance value at a fixed TiO₂ thickness is found out by sweeping the refractive index (n₂) and the thickness (d₂) of Dielectric 1.