Fig. 5: Reliability of strategy and water splitting application.

Crystal structures of a single, b double, and c RP-type perovskites. d–f OER performance of pure and hybrid perovskites measured on GCE in 0.1 M KOH at 25 °C. g A back-to-back water electrolyzer. h The price activity and i stability of hybrid BSCF//Gd0.5 and IrO2//Pt-C electrodes for water splitting tested on nickel foam in 1 M KOH at 25 °C. The catalyst loading for water splitting electrodes was 3 mg cm−2.