Fig. 2: Carrier transfer among bottom Au/F16CoPc/CuPc.

a, b UPS spectra (He–Iα = 21.22 eV) corresponding to cut-off and HOMO (or VB) regions of the Au/F16CoPc/CuPc system. c Evolution of work function (Φ) and HOMO peak edges with respect to the Fermi level (EF) of the Cr/Au substrate. d, e Schematic diagrams of charge transfer between Au substrate and 1 nm F16CoPc, and between n-type F16CoPc and p-type CuPc (+/−: free carriers, ⊕/⊝: charge centers).