Fig. 5: Schematic overview of insulin levels, distribution kinetics and the kinetic/dynamic relationship.
From: Molecular engineering of safe and efficacious oral basal insulin
a–c Schematic overview of insulin levels (arrow width) and distribution kinetics upon a oral dosing of fast acting insulin (e.g. human insulin), b oral dosing of a plasma protracted insulin (e.g. OI338 and OI320), and c SC dosing of a long acting insulin, which is protracted SC (e.g. insulin glargine or insulin degludec, or OI338/OI320 dosed SC). d The pharmacodynamic time course (GIR = glucose infusion rate required to maintain euglycemia) of orally dosed OI320 and pharmacokinetic exposure during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp in healthy and conscious dogs. Note the long lag time of pharmacodynamic effect in respect to exposure. The CV for the GIR AUC was in the range 45–80% and for the pharmacokinetic AUC the CV was 45–100%.
